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September 21, 2006
Le "pretexting" c'est quoi? / What is "pretexting"?

Depuis l'éclatement du scandale Hewlett Packard (le géant de la Silicon Valley avait embauché des détectives privés pour espionner des membres du conseil d'administration de HP et des journalistes) on me demande souvent en quoi consiste le "pretexting": le fait de se faire passer pour quelqu'un, le plus souvent au téléphone, afin d'obtenir des informations. Dans le cas de HP, des détectives se sont fait passer pour des employés de la compagnie de téléphone d'un journaliste, afin d'obtenir une copie de sa dernière facture de téléphone et en déduire qui, au sein de HP, refilait des infos à la presse.

Since the explosion of the Hewlett-Packard scandal (the Silicon Valley giant had hired private detectives to spy on members of the its board as well as on journalists), I'm often asked what "pretexting" is exactly. Well, it's pretending to be someone else, most times over the phone, in order to obtain information. In the HP case, PIs posed as employees of a journalist's phone provider to obtain a copy of his last telephone bill and find out who at HP was leaking information to the press..

Dégueulasse, hein? Sauf qu'aux Etats-Unis, le pretexting est très souvent légal. Peut-être plus pour longtemps maintenant, mais voyons un peu: le pretexting peut être très simple, comme appeler une personne pour confirmer qu'elle est à la maison ou entâmer une conversation avec les voisins de la personne sous un faux prétexte pour obtenir des infos. Cette pratique a ses limites: la loi Gramm-Leach-Bliley de 1999 définit le pretexting comme illégal, mais uniquement dans le cadre d'acquisition d'informations personnelles privées auprès d'une institution financière, ou auprès du consommateur en relation avec une institution financière. En gros, il est illégal de "prétexter" une banque pour fouiner dans le compte d'une personne ou de prétexter un individu pour obtenir le nom de sa banque. Dans une interview avec P.I. Magazine l'année dernière, le directeur délégué de la Federal Trade Commission (qui contrôle les abus) disait que les détectives privés ne posaient pas de problèmes en général. Il semblait plus concerné par la prolifération de services de pretexting sur le Net, disponible au grand public.

Disgusting, isn't? Except that in the U.S., pretexting is legal most of the time. Not for long after this, perhaps, but we'll see. Pretexting can be very basic, like calling a person to confirm that she's home or strike a conversation with the the target's neighbors under a false pretext in order to obtain information. The practice has limitations though: the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 addresses pretexting as a illegal act, but only when used to acquire personal, non-public information from a financial institution, or from the consumer in relation with the financial institution. Roughly, it's illegal to pretext a bank in order to look into someone's account, or pretext someone in order to get the name of their bank. In an interview with P.I. magazine last year, the associate director of the Federal Trade Commission (which monitors the abuse) said that that they don't have any particular concerns about private detectives. He seemed more worried about websites advertising pretexting services to the general public.

Le pretexting est très utile en dernier recours pour faire avancer une enquête qui piétine et retrouver un fugitif, un enfant kidnappé par un parent lors d'un divorce acrimonieux, un mauvais payeur qui joue au mort etc. Les privés qui travaillaient pour HP avaient étudié le jargon de la compagnie de téléphone et se faisaient passer pour des collègues ayant besoin d'informations. Le San Jose Mercury News a publié le texte de certains appels "prétexte": les détectives cajolent leur interlocuteur et tentent de gagner sa confiance ("Salut Mike, comment ca va mon pote?"). Si je me souviens bien, un détective a passé 50 coups de fil avant d'obtenir ce qu'il voulait du préposé de la compagnie.

Pretexting can be very useful as a last resort to move forward a stalled investigation and track down a fugitive, a child kidnapped by a parent during an acrimonious divorce, a debtor who plays dead, etc. PIs hired by HP had studied the phone company jargon and posed as colleagues in need of information. The San Jose Mercury News published a transcript of some of these pretext calls: you can see how the PIs cajoled their interlocutor into trusting them ("Hi Mike, how ya doin'buddy?"). If I remember well, a PI made something like 50 call attempts before getting what he wanted from a company rep.

Comme le souligne P.I. Buzz, le très bon blog de P.I. Magazine, cette affaire HP est une vraie débacle. Les détectives en question étaient pratiquement dignes d'Anthony Pellicano, plannifiaient des écoutes téléphoniques (ce qui est totalement interdit en Californie sauf par la police ou sur ordre d'un tribunal) et auraient attaché des logiciels espions à des e-mails.

According to P.I. Buzz , PI magazine's very good blog, this HP affair is a total debacle. The PIs in the middle of it were almost worthy of Anthony Pellicano, were planning wiretaps (totally illegal, except when made by law enforcement and authorized by a court), and they're suspected of hiding spyware inside e-mail attachements.

Pour les journalistes, le pretexting est hors de question. Sauf que ... au débat entre journalistes d'investigations et détectives privés l'année dernière au Club de la Presse de Los Angeles, des reporters ont avoué y avoir recours dans certains cas. Le gourou de l'investigation Don Ray disait que les anciens journalistes font de bons détectives, justement, car ils détestent mentir pour obtenir des infos et cherchent toujours un meilleur moyen pour obtenir la vérité sans mener les gens en bâteau. Le privé Adam Dawson avait résumé sa méthode de travail ainsi: "Je prends en considération: 1/ la loi 2/ mon imagination 3/ mon budget."

For journalists, pretexting is out of the question. Except that... at the L.A. Press Club panel discussion between investigative reporters and PIs, some reporters confessed that they do it in certain cases. Investigation guru Don Ray said that former journalists make for good PIs, actually, because they hate lying so much to get information that they always look for a smarter way to get to the truth without fooling people. PI Adam Dawson shared his method to work: "I take in consideration: 1) the Law, 2) my imagination, 3) my budget.".

Posted by Emmanuelle at September 21, 2006 2:21 PM | TrackBack
Comments


Great summary of the current pretext usage story. Opinions about pretexting vary and the ethics of representing yourself as another person might be conditional upon who, why and what. That aside, I just want to add a little distinction between two important terms that readers may appreciate. A pretext, in the private investigator industry, is identifying oneself as another in order to get some piece of their personal information.

A more common, and I would argue, necessary, PI tool is subterfuge. This involves misrepresenting oneself in order to gain information. This could be as innocuous as telling someone you're delivering flowers when you want them to come to the door to receive legal papers. One should first determine if there is a truthful way to achieve ones goals. But the world is a messy place and we often deal with its underbelly. Sometimes deception is necessary to protect people and their assets.

Posted by: Tamara Thompson Investigations at September 21, 2006 7:42 PM

Kevin Mitnick of hacker fame wrote a book titled "The Art of Deception" where he exposes the fine points of social engineering.

From my IT world view, pretexting is definitively crossing the line.

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